Nutrients are substances in food that provide energy, support growth, repair tissues, and regulate body functions. The six essential nutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats (lipids), vitamins, minerals, and water. Which nutrient is the body's primary source of energy?

Proteins are made of amino acids and are essential for building and repairing tissues (muscles, skin, hair, nails, organs), making enzymes and hormones, and supporting the immune system. What are proteins made of?

Fats (lipids) provide energy, help absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), insulate the body, and protect organs. Unsaturated fats (olive oil, avocado, nuts) are healthier. Saturated fats (butter, red meat) and trans fats (processed foods) should be limited. Which type of fat is considered healthiest?

Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients (needed in small amounts) that regulate body processes. Vitamins are organic (can be destroyed by heat); minerals are inorganic. Vitamin C is important for immune function and wound healing. Lack of vitamin C causes scurvy (historically affected sailors). What vitamin is found in citrus fruits?

Water is the most essential nutrient. It makes up about 60% of the human body. It is involved in digestion, absorption, circulation, temperature regulation, waste removal, and joint lubrication. How much water should you drink per day (general recommendation)?

A calorie is a unit of energy. The calories listed on food labels are actually kilocalories (kcal). 1 kcal = 1,000 calories. The body uses calories for energy, growth, and repair. Which macronutrient provides the most calories per gram?

Dietary fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest. It helps regulate bowel movements, lower cholesterol, control blood sugar, and promote satiety (feeling full). Which food is high in fiber?

Added sugars are sugars and syrups added to foods during processing. Excessive added sugar intake is linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, tooth decay, and inflammation. How much added sugar is recommended per day (American Heart Association)?

MyPlate is the current USDA nutrition guide (replaced the Food Pyramid). It recommends filling half your plate with fruits and vegetables, quarter with whole grains, and quarter with protein, plus a serving of dairy. According to MyPlate, what proportion of your plate should be fruits and vegetables?

Minerals are inorganic elements essential for body functions. Calcium is important for bones and teeth. Iron is important for red blood cells (hemoglobin). Sodium and potassium regulate fluid balance. Iodine is important for thyroid function. Which mineral is essential for healthy bones and teeth?