True. The Amazon spans 6.7 million km² (2.6 million sq mi) across Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. While often called "the lungs of the Earth," recent studies suggest it produces closer to 6-9% of global oxygen, as much of its oxygen is consumed by the ecosystem itself.

True. The Andes run through Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. They contain the highest peak outside Asia: Aconcagua (6,961 m / 22,838 ft) in Argentina. The range was formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate, causing ongoing volcanic activity and earthquakes.

True. The Amazon discharges about 209,000 m³/s (7.4 million ft³/s), more than the next seven largest rivers combined. Its drainage basin covers 7 million km² (2.7 million sq mi). Recent measurements suggest the Amazon may actually be slightly longer than the Nile depending on methodology, but traditionally the Nile is considered longer.

True. The Atacama receives an average of 1-3 mm of rain per year (some areas have had no recorded rain for over 500 years). Its soil is similar to Martian soil, leading to Mars rover testing. Despite the dryness, over 1 million people live in the region, using water from aquifers and desalination plants.

False. Brazil's capital is Brasília, a planned city inaugurated in 1960. Rio de Janeiro was the capital until 1960. Brasília is known for its modernist architecture (designed by Oscar Niemeyer and Lúcio Costa) and its airplane-shaped layout from above. Brazil has 26 states and over 213 million people.

True. Lake Titicaca covers 8,372 km² (3,232 sq mi). It is the largest lake in South America by volume. The lake is considered the birthplace of the Incan civilization (according to Incan mythology, the first Inca, Manco Capac, emerged from its depths). It contains 41 islands, including the floating Uros reed islands.

True. Angel Falls is in Canaima National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site. It cascades from Auyán-tepui ("Devil's Mountain"), one of the many flat-topped table mountains (tepui) in the region. The waterfall is about 15 times higher than Niagara Falls. Access is difficult, requiring boat and helicopter.

True. The Pantanal covers up to 195,000 km² (75,000 sq mi) during the wet season, about 10 times the size of Florida's Everglades. It supports jaguars, capybaras, giant otters, hyacinth macaws, and caimans. Unlike the Amazon, its open landscapes make wildlife viewing much easier, attracting ecotourists.

True. The 12 countries are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. French Guiana is an overseas department of France (part of the European Union). The continent also includes the Falkland Islands (UK) and the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador).

True. The Galápagos are an Ecuadorian province and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Darwin visited in 1835 on HMS Beagle. The islands are known for giant tortoises, marine iguanas (the only sea-going lizards), flightless cormorants, and Darwin's finches, which show adaptive radiation. The islands sit on the equator.