True. Paris has been the capital of France since 508 CE, with brief interruptions. The nickname "City of Light" (La Ville Lumière) comes from its early adoption of street lighting and its role as a center of Enlightenment thinking. The Seine divides the city into the Left Bank (Rive Gauche) and Right Bank (Rive Droite).

True. Berlin became the capital of a unified Germany in 1990 after reunification. It had been divided into East Berlin (capital of East Germany) and West Berlin (an exclave of West Germany) during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall fell on November 9, 1989. The Reichstag Building houses the German parliament.

True. Vienna (Wien) has been the capital of Austria for centuries, though Austria was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918. The city is home to the Vienna State Opera, the Musikverein (home of the Vienna Philharmonic), and numerous palaces including Schönbrunn and Hofburg. It consistently ranks among the world's most livable cities.

True. Bern became the Swiss capital (Bundesstadt) in 1848. It was chosen as a compromise between the French- and German-speaking regions. The Zytglogge (medieval clock tower), the Bear Park, and 6 kilometers of arcaded shopping streets are major attractions. Zurich is the financial center; Geneva hosts the UN European headquarters.

False. Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on January 1, 1993 (the "Velvet Divorce"). Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic (Czechia), not Czechoslovakia. The city has been a political, cultural, and economic center of central Europe for over 1,100 years. Prague Castle is the largest ancient castle complex in the world.

True. Rome has been the Italian capital since 1871. Its history spans more than 2,500 years. Vatican City, the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, became an independent sovereign state in 1929 under the Lateran Treaty. Rome contains landmarks such as the Colosseum, Roman Forum, Pantheon, Trevi Fountain, and St. Peter's Basilica.

True. Warsaw became the capital of Poland in 1596. During WWII, about 85% of the city was destroyed by Nazi forces, especially after the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. The Old Town (Stare Miasto) was rebuilt between 1945 and 1966 using original bricks, paintings, and pre-war photographs, earning an exceptional UNESCO designation.

False. Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark, not Norway. Oslo is the capital of Norway. Copenhagen is located on the islands of Zealand and Amager. The Little Mermaid statue, inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, has been a Copenhagen icon since 1913. Tivoli Gardens opened in 1843 and inspired Walt Disney.

True. Athens has been inhabited since at least the late Neolithic period (around 3000 BCE). The city reached its Golden Age in the 5th century BCE under Pericles. The Acropolis, including the Parthenon, dates from this period. Democracy (dēmokratía – "rule by the people") was established in Athens around 508-507 BCE under Cleisthenes.

True. Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano) has a population of about 800-900, including the Pope, Swiss Guards, clergy, and lay workers. Its area is only 0.44 square kilometers (0.17 sq mi). It is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church and a UNESCO World Heritage site. The smallest national capital (non-city-state) is Valletta, Malta.