True. Africa covers about 30.37 million square kilometers (11.7 million sq mi), about 20% of Earth's land area. Its population exceeds 1.4 billion. The African Union has 55 member states (including Morocco, which rejoined in 2017). Africa has the world's youngest population, with a median age of 19.7 years.

True. Nigeria's population exceeds 220 million (2023 estimates). By 2050, it is projected to become the third-most populous country in the world (after India and China). Lagos has over 15 million residents, though estimates vary due to rapid urbanization. Nigeria has over 250 ethnic groups.

False. The Sahara covers about 31% of Africa (approx. 9.2 million km² / 3.6 million sq mi). It spans 11 countries (and Western Sahara territory), actually 10-11 depending on definitions. It is the world's largest hot desert, but the Antarctic and Arctic deserts are larger. The Sahara was once a green savanna.

True. Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa and the highest free-standing mountain in the world (not part of a mountain range). The highest point is Uhuru Peak on Kibo cone. The mountain is known for its shrinking glaciers, which have lost over 80% of their ice cover since 1912.

False. Egypt is a transcontinental country, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge to Asia. Most of Egypt (about 97%) is in Africa, but the Sinai is in Asia. Cairo is the largest city in the Arab world (over 10 million in the city, over 20 million in the metro area) and Africa's largest metropolitan area.

True. Madagascar covers 587,041 km² (226,658 sq mi). It separated from the Indian subcontinent about 88 million years ago. Over 90% of its wildlife is endemic, including over 100 species of lemurs, the fossa (largest carnivore), and six species of baobab trees unique to Madagascar.

True. South Africa is the only country in the world with three official capitals. Pretoria houses the Union Buildings (President's office), Bloemfontein hosts the Supreme Court of Appeal, and Cape Town is home to Parliament. South Africa also has 11 official languages, the most of any country.

True. The Nile basin covers 3.4 million km². Its two main tributaries are the White Nile (originating in Burundi or Rwanda) and the Blue Nile (originating in Ethiopia). The Blue Nile contributes about 80% of the water during the wet season. The Nile has been critical to Egyptian civilization for over 5,000 years.

False. The smallest African country by area is Seychelles (451 km² / 174 sq mi), an archipelago in the Indian Ocean. The Gambia (11,295 km² / 4,361 sq mi) is the smallest on mainland Africa. The Gambia gained independence from Britain in 1965 and is known for its beaches and birdlife.

True. Lake Victoria covers 68,800 km² (26,600 sq mi), making it the world's second-largest freshwater lake by surface area (after Lake Superior in North America). It is named after Queen Victoria. The lake supports Africa's largest inland fishery, employing over 200,000 people directly.